Abstract Algebra Abstract Algebra is the study of sets that have one or more operators on that set. For our purposes, we only care about sets where the operator is a binary operator. Given a set with...

Init_if_needed in Anchor and the Reinitialization Attack !Hero image showing Anchor init_if_needed In previous tutorials, we've had to initialize an account in a separate transaction before we can...

P vs NP and its application to zero knowledge proofs The P = NP problem asks: "If we can quickly verify a solution to a problem is correct, can we also quickly compute the solution?" Most researchers...

Solana Sysvars Explained !Solana Sysvars In Solana, sysvars are read-only system accounts that give Solana programs access to the blockchain state as well as network information. They are similar to...

Cost of storage, maximum storage size, and account resizing in Solana !Solana account rent When allocating storage space, the payer must pay a certain number of SOL per byte allocated. Solana calls...

R1CS to Quadratic Arithmetic Program over a Finite Field in Python To make the transformation from R1CS to QAP less abstract, let’s use a real example. Let’s say we are encoding the arithmetic...

ZK-addition-dapp with Noir and Nextjs !ZK Dapp Game built with Noir and Next.js We will demonstrate a step-by-step exploration of a basic zk-dapp designed for verifying additions. This application...

Zero knowledge programming languages !Zero knowledge proof moon math Zero knowledge proof moon math Zero knowledge proofs demonstrate you executed a computation correctly without revealing the inputs...