Groth16 Explained The Groth16 algorithm enables a quadratic arithmetic program to be computed by a prover over elliptic curve points derived in a trusted setup, and quickly checked by a verifier. It...

ERC20 Snapshot ERC20 Snapshot solves the problem of double voting. If votes are weighed by the number of tokens someone holds, then a malicious actor can use their tokens to vote, then transfer the...

ERC-7201 Storage Namespaces Explained ERC-7201 (formerly EIP-7201) is a standard for grouping storage variables together by a common identifier called a namespace, and also to document the group of...

A comprehensive guide to the ERC 721 standard and related security issues ERC721 (or ERC-721) is the most widely used Ethereum standard for nonfungible tokens. It associates a unique number with an...

Solidity Events Solidity events are the closest thing to a or statement in Ethereum. We will explain how they work, best practices for events, and go into a lot of technical details often omitted in...

Foundry Unit Tests This article will describe how to create unit tests in Solidity using Foundry. We will cover how to test all the state transitions that can occur in a smart contract, plus some...

Storage Slots in Solidity: Storage Allocation and Low-level assembly storage operations This article examines the storage architecture of the Ethereum Smart Contracts. It explains how variables are...

Understanding the Function Selector in Solidity The function selector is a 4-byte id that Solidity uses to identify functions under the hood. The function selector is how a Solidity contract knows...

The RareSkills Book of Solidity Gas Optimization: 80+ Tips !solidity gas optimization TABLE OF CONTENTS The RareSkills Book of Gas Optimization Gas optimization tricks do not always work Beware of...

Generate a random number with Solidity on the blockchain !Random Number Solidity Random Number Randomness is tricky on the blockchain because the blockchain is deterministic, but randomness requires...

Low Level Call vs High Level Call in Solidity A contract in Solidity can call other contracts via two methods: through the contract interface, which is considered a high-level call, or by using the...

The second preimage attack for Merkle Trees in Solidity The _second preimage attack_ in Merkle trees can happen when an intermediate node in a Merkle tree is presented as a leaf. The name of this...